Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864

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The following engagements took place during the year 1864 during the American Civil War.

In March, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed general-in-chief of the Union Army. He decided on a strategy of simultaneous offenses in the Eastern, Western, and Trans-Mississippi Theaters in order to grind down and ultimately defeat the Confederate armies. Grant himself planned to travel with the Army of the Potomac and IX Corps both to coordinate the two forces and to avoid the politics of Washington, D.C.[1] In the Eastern Theater, Grant's forces fought General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in a series of battles that became known as the Overland Campaign from May to June. Although he lost heavily during the campaign, Grant inflicted a larger percentage of casualties on Lee and forced Lee into a nine month siege at Petersburg.[2]

Grant planned for two other campaigns in the Eastern theater: The Army of the James commanded by Major General Benjamin Butler landed on the Bermuda Hundred peninsula near Petersburg, with orders to cut the Richmond & Petersburg Railroad and to prevent reinforcements from reaching Lee's army. After building fortifications on the peninsula, Butler made several advances towards the railroad, each time retreating back to his fortifications after a brief skirmish with Confederate forces. Following the Battle of Ware Bottom Church, the Confederates built a line of fortifications parallel to the Union lines, bottling up Bulter's force and allowing reinforcements to be detached to Lee. (See Bermuda Hundred Campaign.)[3]

In the Shenandoah Valley, another Union force commanded by Major General Franz Sigel advanced southward until he encountered a small Confederate force commanded by Major General John C. Breckinridge at the Battle of New Market on May 15th, which resulted in a Confederate victory. Sigel was replaced by David Hunter, who started his campaign near the end of May. His victory at Piedemont on June 5 caused to Lee to detach his Second Corps, under Lieutenant General Jubal Early, to the Valley to deal with the Union forces. Hunter attacked Early's command at Lynchburg but was defeated; Hunter then retreated through West Virginia to the Ohio River, allowing Early to move north through the Valley. Early then launched a raid on Washington, D.C., but due to the delay caused by the Battle of Monocacy failed to arrive at the city before Union reinforcements did, making a successful attack impossible. Early was then able to retreat back into the Shenandoah Valley with the supplies his army had seized and from there launched several additional small raids which the local Union commanders were unable to prevent.[4] To deal with these raids effectively, Grant consolidated the various military departments in the area into the Middle Military Division, commanded by Philip H. Sheridan, to deal with the Confederate forces in the Valley. During a three month campaign, Sheridan successfully destroyed both the Confederate fighting capabilities in the Shenandoah and the supplies the Confederates needed to feed Lee's army at Petersburg.[5]

In the Western Theater, Union forces were placed in the Military Division of the Mississippi, commanded by Major General William T. Sherman, who had orders to capture Atlanta. During the three month Atlanta Campaign, Sherman outflanked Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee out of one position after another until the two forces reached Atlanta. Fearing he would abandon the city without a fight, Confederate President Jefferson Davis replaced Johnston with John B. Hood, who launched a series of attacks on Sherman's armies, which each time failed with heavy Confederate casualties. When Sherman cut the Montgomery & Atlanta Railroad in early September, the Confederate supply lines into the city were cut and Hood was forced to abandon Atlanta.[6] For the next two months, Hood and Sherman skirmished as Hood attempted to cut Sherman's supply lines to the North; Sherman eventually gave up trying to catch Hood and instead embarked on his Savannah campaign. Hood, instead of following Sherman, moved north into Tennessee, intending to capture Nashville before going into Kentucky. He lost heavily in a frontal attack at the Battle of Franklin on November 30, suffering over 7,000 casualties including thirteen generals killed, wounded, or captured; this left him with too few men to overrun the Union fortifications at Nashville, so Hood instead constructed fortifications a few miles to the south and tried to entice the Unio commander, Major General George H. Thomas, to attack him. On December 15th and 16th, Thomas did attack, routing most of the Confederate army on both days and capturing over 70 cannons and 15,000 prisoners. Hood retreated back to Alabama, where he was relieved of command by his own request; the Army of Tennessee was reduced to barely 20,000 men by casualties and desertions during the retreat.[7]

In the Trans-Mississippi Theater, Major General Nathaniel P. Banks led his Army of the Gulf up the Red River in Louisiana, intending to invade eastern Texas and to seize cotton to supply the New England cotton mills. The Confederate commander of the District of Western Louisiana, Major General Richard Taylor, steadily retreated until both forces neared Mansfield, where on April 7th, Taylor attacked and routed Banks' force; another battle was fought the next day near Pleasant Hill but the Confederates were defeated. Banks continued retreating along the river until he reached the Red River's confluence with the Mississippi. A simultaneous campaign from Union controlled Arkansas was launched, which was planned to link up with Banks force at Shreveport, Louisiana, but was turned back due to a lack of supplies. (See Red River Campaign and Camden Expedition.)[8]

Contents

January

17th
Dandridge, Tennessee
26th
Athens, Alabama
  • Forces: Confederate cavalry brigade, Union garrison
  • Losses: Confederate 30, Union 20[10]
27th-28th
Fair Garden, Tennessee
  • Forces: Elements of Confederate First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia and Union IV Corps, Army of the Cumberland
  • Losses: Confederate 165, Union 100[11]

February

6 to 7
Morton's Ford, Virginia
13th
Middle Boggy, Oklahoma
  • Forces: Confederate Seminole battalion of Mounted Rifles, Union 14th Kansas Cavalry and two howitzers
  • Losses: Confederate 47, Union 0[13]
14 to 20
Meridian, Mississippi
  • Forces: Union Army of the Tennessee, Confederate Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana
  • Losses: Confederate unknown, Union 170[14]
20
Olustee, Florida
  • Forces: Confederate District of East Florida, Union detachment from the Department of the South
  • Losses: Confederate 946, Union 1,861[15]
22
Okolona, Mississippi
22 to 27
Dalton I, Georgia

March

2
Walkerton, Virginia
14
Fort DeRussy, Louisiana
  • Forces: Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Army of the Gulf
  • Losses: Confederate 269, Union 48[19]
21st
Henderson's Hill, Louisiana
  • Forces: Confederate and Union cavalry
  • Losses: Confederate 250, Union unknown[20]
25
Paducah, Kentucky
  • Forces: Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union garrison
  • Losses: Confederate 50, Union 90[21]

April

3 to 4
Elkin's Ferry, Arkansas
  • Forces: Confederate District of Arkansas, Union Department of Arkansas
  • Losses: Confederate 29, Union 26[22]
7th
Wilson's Farm, Louisiana
  • Forces: Cavalry from Confederate District of West Louisiana and Union Army of the Gulf
  • Losses: unknown[23]
8
Mansfield, Louisiana
  • Forces: Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Army of the Gulf
  • Losses: Confederate 1,000, Union 2,235[24]
9
Pleasant Hill, Louisiana
  • Forces: Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Army of the Gulf
  • Losses: Confederate 1,626, Union 1,369[25]
10 to 15
Prairie D'Ane, Arkansas
  • Forces: Confederate District of Arkansas, Union Department of Arkansas
  • Losses: Confederate 50, Union 100[26]
12
Blair's Landing, Louisiana
  • Forces: Confederate cavalry brigade, Union transports and gunboats
  • Losses: Confederate 57, Union 60[27]
Fort Pillow, Tennessee
  • Forces: Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union garrison
  • Losses: Confederate 100, Union 549[28]
17th-20th
Plymouth, North Carolina
18
Poison Spring, Arkansas
  • Forces: Union detachment, Confederate cavalry from Trans-Mississippi Department
  • Losses: Confederate 114, Union 301[30]
23
Monett's Ferry, Louisiana
  • Forces: Union and Confederate cavalry
  • Losses: Confederate 400, Union 200[31]
25
Marks' Mills, Arkansas
  • Forces: Confederate District of Arkansas, Union Department of Arkansas
  • Losses: Confederate 293, Union 1,500[32]
30
Jenkins' Ferry, Arkansas
  • Forces: Confederate District of Arkansas, Union Department of Arkansas
  • Losses: Confederate 1,000, Union 700[33]

May

5
Albemarle Sound, North Carolina
  • Forces: Confederate ships Albemarle and Bombshell, Union ships Miami and two others
  • Losses: 88 total[34]
5 to 7
the Wilderness, Virginia
6 to 7
Port Walthall Junction, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, Union Army of the James
  • Losses: 550 total[36]
7 to 13
Rocky Face Ridge, Georgia
8 to 21
Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: Confederate 12,062, Union 18,399[38]
9
Swift Creek and Fort Clifton, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, Union Army of the James
  • Losses: 990 total[39]
9
Cloyd's Mountain, Virginia
10th
Chester Station, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, Union Army of the James
  • Losses: 569 total[41]
Cove Mountain, Virginia
Forces
Cavalry from Confederate Department of South-west Virginia and Union Department of West Virginia
  • Losses: 300 total[42]
11th
Yellow Tavern, Virginia
  • Forces: Cavalry corps from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: 800 total[43]
12th-16th
Proctor's Creek (Drewry's Bluff), Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, Union Army of the James
  • Losses: Confederate 1,000, Union 3,004[44]
13 to 15
Resaca, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi
  • Losses: Confederate 2,800, Union 2,747[45]
15
New Market, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Department of Western Virginia, Union Department of West Virginia
  • Losses: Confederate 587, Union 762[46]
16
Mansura, Louisiana
  • Forces: Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Army of the Gulf
  • Losses: Confederate unknown, Union unknown[47]
17
Adairsville, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi
  • Losses: Confederate unknown, Union 200[48]
18
Yellow Bayou, Louisiana
  • Forces: Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Army of the Gulf
  • Losses: Confederate 500, Union 360[49]
20
Ware Bottom Church and Howlett Line, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, Union Army of the James
  • Losses: 1,500 total[50]
23 to 26
North Anna, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: Confederate 1,251, Union 2,138[51]
24
Wilson's Wharf
  • Forces: Confederate cavalry from Army of Northern Virginia, Union detachment from Army of the James
  • Losses: Confederate 140, Union 26[52]
25th-26th
New Hope Church, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi
  • Losses: Confederate 350, Union 665[53]
27th
Pickett's Mill, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi
  • Losses: Confederate 450, Union 1,600<re>Kennedy, p. 332-335.</ref>
28
Haw's Shop, Virginia
  • Forces: Union Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, Confederate Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
  • Losses: Confederate 400, Union 344[54]
Dallas, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi
  • Losses: Confederate 1,000-1,500, Union 380[55]
28 to 30
Totopotomoy Creek and Bethesda Church, Virginia
30
Matadequin Creek (Old Church), Virginia
31st–June 12
Cold Harbor, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: Confederate 4,847, Union 14,932[58]

June

5
Piedmont, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Department of Western Virginia, Union Department of West Virginia
  • Losses: Confederate 1,600, Union 875[59]
5 to 6
Old River Lake, Arkansas
  • Forces: Union two brigades, Confederates one division from District of Arkansas
  • Losses: Confederate 37, Union 133[60]
9th
Petersburg I, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses': 120 total[61]
9th-18th
Lost Mountain-Brushy Mountain Line, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi
  • Losses: unknown[62]
10
Brices Crossroads, Mississippi
  • Forces: Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union infantry and cavalry
  • Losses: Confederate 493, Union 2,612[63]
11 to 12
Trevilian Station, Virginia
  • Forces: Cavalry corps from Union Army of the Potomac and Confederate Army of Northern Virginia
  • Losses: Confederate 1,071, Union 1,007[64]
Cynthiana, Kentucky
  • Forces: Confederate Morgan's brigade, Union garrison
  • Losses: Confederate 1,000, Union 1,092[65]
15th-18th
Petersburg II, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: Confederate 2,974-4,700, Union 9,964-10,600[66]
17 to 18
Lynchburg, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Department of Southwest Virginia and Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union Department of West Virginia
  • Losses: Confederate 200, Union 700[67]
21 to 23
Jerusalem Plank Road, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: Confederate 572, Union 2,962[68]
22
Kolb's Farm, Georgia
24th
Samaria Church (Saint Mary's Church), Virginia
  • Forces: Cavalry corps from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: Confederate 250, Union 350[70]
25
Staunton River Bridge, Virginia
27
Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi
  • Losses: Confederate 1,000, Union 3,000[72]
28
Sappony Church, Virginia
  • Forces: Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: unknown[73]
29th
Reams Station I, Virginia
  • Forces: Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: unknown[74]

July

9
Monocacy, Maryland
11 to 12
Fort Stevens, District of Columbia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of the Valley, Union Department of Washington
  • Losses: Confederate 500, Union 373[76]
14 to 15
Tupelo, Mississippi
  • Forces: Confederate Department of Mississippi, Alabama, and East Tennessee, Union XVI Corps
  • Losses: Confederate 1,326, Union 674.[77]
17 to 18
Cool Spring, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of the Valley District, Union Army of West Virginia
  • Losses: Confederate 397, Union 422[78]
20
Rutherford's Farm, Virginia
Peachtree Creek, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Cumberland
  • Losses: Confederate 4,796, Union 1,710[80]
22
Atlanta, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Tennessee
  • Losses: Confederate 8,499, Union 3,641[81]
24
Second Kernstown, Virginia
27 to 29
First Deep Bottom, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union II Corps and cavalry from Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: 1,000 total[83]
28
Ezra Church, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union XV Corps
  • Losses: Confederate 4,642, Union 700[84]
28 to 29
Killdeer Mountain, Dakota Territory
  • Forces: Union Department of the Northwest, Lakota and Dakota Sioux tribes
  • Losses: Union 15, Dakotas and Lakotas 31[85]
30th
The Crater, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: Confederate 1,491, Union 3,798[86]

August

1
Folck's Mill, Maryland
  • Forces: Confederate cavalry from Army of the Valley, Union garrison from Department of West Virginia
  • Losses: Confederate 30, Union 30[87]
5
Mobile Bay, Alabama
  • Forces: Confederate and Union naval forces
  • Losses: Confederate 1,500, Union 327[88]
5 to 7
Utoy Creek, Georgia
7
Moorefield, West Virginia
  • Forces: Cavalry from Union Department of West Virginia and Confederate Army of the Valley
  • Losses: Confederate 500, Union 31[90]
13th-20th
Second Deep Bottom, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: Confederate 1,300, Union 2,900[91]
14th-15th
Dalton II, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Tennessee, Army of the Cumberland, and Army of the Ohio
  • Losses: unknown[92]
16
Guard Hill, Virginia
18 to 21
Globe Tavern, Virginia
20
Lovejoy's Station, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Tennessee, Army of the Cumberland, and Army of the Ohio
  • Losses: Confederate 240, Union 237[95]
21st 
;Summit Point and Cameron's Depot, West Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of the Valley District, Union Army of the Shenandoah
  • Losses: Confederate 400, Union 600[96]
Memphis II, Tennessee
  • Forces: Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union garrison
  • Losses: Confederate 62, Union 80[97]
25
Second Reams Station, Virginia
28th-29th
Smithfield Crossing, West Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of the Valley District, Union Army of the Shenandoah
  • Losses: Confederate 200, Union 100[99]
29th-30th
Chaffin's Farm, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: Confederate 1,700, Union 3,300[100]
New Market Heights, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac
  • Losses: Confederate 50, Union 850[101]
31st-September 1
Jonesboro, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Tennessee, Army of the Cumberland, and Army of the Ohio
  • Losses: Confederate 2,000, Union 1,149[102]

September

3rd-4th
Berryville, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Army of the Valley District, Union Army of the Shenandoah
  • Losses: Confederate 195, Union 312[103]
19
Third Winchester, Virginia
Cabin Creek, Indian Territory
  • Forces: Confederate cavalry, Union garrison
  • Losses: unknown[105]
21 to 22
Fisher's Hill, Virginia
26 to 28
Pilot Knob, Missouri
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Missouri, Union Missouri State Militia and volunteer troops
  • Losses: Confederate 1,500, Union 73[107]
27
Fort Davidson, Missouri
29 to 30
Chaffin's Farm, Virginia

October

2
Pebbles' Farm, Virginia
3rd
Big Shanty, Georgia
5
Allatoona, Georgia
7
Darbytown and New Market Roads, Virginia
  • Forces: Union Army of the Potomac, Confederate Army of Northern Virginia
  • Losses: Union 458, Confederate 700[113]
9
Tom's Brook, Virginia
13th
Darbytown Road, Virginia
  • Forces: Union X Corps, Confederate Army of Northern Virginia
  • Losses: Union 437, Confederate 50[115]
15
Glasgow, Missouri
19
Cedar Creek, Virginia
  • Forces: Union Army of the Shenandoah, Confederate Army of the Valley
  • Losses: Union 5,672, Confederate 2,910[117]
Second Lexington, Missouri
21
Little Blue River, Missouri
21 to 22
Second Independence, Missouri
  • Forces: Confederate Army of the Missouri, Union Army of the Border
  • Losses: Confederate approximately 140, Union unknown[120]
22 to 23
Byram's Ford, Missouri
23
Westport, Missouri
25
Mine Creek, Kansas
25
Marmiton River, Missouri
26 to 29
Decatur, Alabama
  • Forces: Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union garrison and other troops
  • Losses: Union 155, Confederate 200[125]
27 to 28
Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road, Virginia
27 to 28 October
Boydton Plank Road, Virginia
28
Second Newtonia, Missouri

November

4 to 5
Johnsonville, Tennessee
  • Forces: Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union garrison
  • Losses: unknown[129]
11 to 14
Bull's Gap, Tennessee
  • Forces: Confederate Department of Southwest Virginia, Union garrison
  • Losses: Confederate 100, Union 24 (including 300 prisoners)[130]
22
Griswoldville, Georgia
  • Forces: Confederate militia, Union Grand Army of the West
  • Losses: Confederate 650, Union 62[131]
24 to 29
Columbia, Tennessee
28th
Buck Head Creek, Georgia
  • Forces: Cavalry from Confederate Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida and Union Grand Army of the West
  • Losses: Confederate 600, Union 46[133]
29
Sand Creek, Colorado
  • Forces: Union 1st Colorado Cavalry and 3rd Colorado Cavalry, Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho
  • Losses: Union 48, Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho 150[134]
29
Spring Hill, Tennessee
30
Second Franklin, Tennessee

December

4
LaVergne, Tennessee
  • Forces: Union garrison, Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps
  • Losses: Union 150 (captured), Confederate none[137]
5 to 7
Third Murfreesboro, Tennessee
  • Forces: Union garrison, Confederate detachment from Army of Tennessee
  • Losses: Union 208, Confederate 214[138]
15
Battle of Fort McAllister (1864)
  • Forces: Confederate Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida and Union Grand Army of the West
  • Losses: Confederate 230, Union 134[139]
15 to 16
Nashville, Tennessee
17 to 18
Marion, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Department of Southwest Virginia, Union cavalry
  • Losses: 300 total[141]
20 to 21
Second Saltville, Virginia
  • Forces: Confederate Department of Southwest Virginia, Union cavalry
  • Losses: unknown[142]
24th
Richland Creek, Tennessee
Forces
24th-27th
Fort Fisher I, North Carolina
  • Forces: Confederate Cape Fear District, Department of North Carolina, Union Fort Fisher Expeditionary Force, Army of the James
  • Losses: 320 total[144]
25th
Pulaski, Tennessee
  • Forces: Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union cavalry, Army of the Cumberland
  • Losses: unknown[145]
26th
Sugar Creek, Tennessee

Notes

  1. ^ Symonds, pp. 76, 79.
  2. ^ Trudeau, p. 341.
  3. ^ Symonds, p. 83.
  4. ^ Kennedy, pp. 300-303; Symonds, p. 89.
  5. ^ Kennedy, pp. 313, 323.
  6. ^ Symonds, pp. 91–93.
  7. ^ Sword, pp. 269–270, 281, 425–426.
  8. ^ Josephy, pp. 165, 188, 201–209.
  9. ^ Kennedy, p. 250.
  10. ^ Kennedy, p. 261.
  11. ^ Kennedy, p. 251.
  12. ^ Kennedy, p. 260.
  13. ^ Kennedy, p. 221.
  14. ^ Kennedy, p. 261.
  15. ^ Kennedy, p. 263-264.
  16. ^ Kennedy, p. 261-262.
  17. ^ Kennedy, p. 262.
  18. ^ Kennedy, p. 260.
  19. ^ Kennedy, p. 267.
  20. ^ Parrish, p. 330.
  21. ^ Kennedy, p. 275.
  22. ^ Kennedy, p. 273.
  23. ^ Parrish, p. 338-339.
  24. ^ Brooksher, p. 104.
  25. ^ Brooksher, p. 135.
  26. ^ Kennedy, p. 273.
  27. ^ Kennedy, p. 271.
  28. ^ Kennedy, p. 275-276.
  29. ^ Kennedy, p. 277.
  30. ^ Kennedy, p. 273-274.
  31. ^ Kennedy, p. 272.
  32. ^ Kennedy, p. 274.
  33. ^ Kennedy, p. 274-275.
  34. ^ Kennedy, p. 277.
  35. ^ Trudeau, p. 341.
  36. ^ Kennedy, p. 278.
  37. ^ Kennedy, p. 326-328.
  38. ^ Trudeau, p. 341.
  39. ^ Kennedy, p. 278.
  40. ^ Kennedy, p. 296-297.
  41. ^ Kennedy, p. 279.
  42. ^ Kennedy, p. 297-298.
  43. ^ Kennedy, p. 286-287.
  44. ^ Kennedy, p. 279.
  45. ^ Kennedy, p. 329-331.
  46. ^ Knight, p. 216.
  47. ^ Kennedy, p. 272.
  48. ^ Kennedy, p. 331.
  49. ^ Kennedy, p. 272.
  50. ^ Kennedy, p. 280.
  51. ^ Trudeau, p. 341.
  52. ^ Kennedy, p. 290.
  53. ^ Kennedy, p. 332-335.
  54. ^ Kennedy, p. 290.
  55. ^ Kennedy, p. 332-335.
  56. ^ Trudeau, p. 341.
  57. ^ Kennedy, p. 291.
  58. ^ Trudeau, p. 341.
  59. ^ Kennedy, p. 301-303.
  60. ^ Kennedy, p. 275.
  61. ^ Kennedy, p. 352.
  62. ^ Kennedy, p. 335-336.
  63. ^ Kennedy, p. 344-347.
  64. ^ Kennedy, p. 294-295.
  65. ^ Kennedy, p. 344.
  66. ^ Kennedy, p. 352-353.
  67. ^ Kennedy, p. 304.
  68. ^ Kennedy, p. 353-354.
  69. ^ Kennedy, p. 336.
  70. ^ Kennedy, p. 295.
  71. ^ Kennedy, p. 355.
  72. ^ Kennedy, p. 336-339.
  73. ^ Kennedy, p. 354.
  74. ^ Kennedy, p. 354-355.
  75. ^ Cooling, p. 79-81.
  76. ^ Kennedy, p. 308-309.
  77. ^ Kennedy, p. 347-350.
  78. ^ Kennedy, p. 309.
  79. ^ Kennedy, p. 309.
  80. ^ Kennedy, p. 339-340.
  81. ^ Kennedy, p. 340.
  82. ^ Kennedy, p. 310-312.
  83. ^ Kennedy, p. 355.
  84. ^ Kennedy, p. 341.
  85. ^ Kennedy, p. 351.
  86. ^ Kennedy, p. 355-356.
  87. ^ Kennedy, p. 312.
  88. ^ Kennedy, p. 374-376.
  89. ^ Kennedy, p. 341.
  90. ^ Kennedy, p. 313.
  91. ^ Kennedy, p. 356-357.
  92. ^ Kennedy, p. 341-342.
  93. ^ Kennedy, p. 313-314.
  94. ^ Kennedy, p. 357-360.
  95. ^ Kennedy, p. 342.
  96. ^ Kennedy, p. 314.
  97. ^ Kennedy, p. 350.
  98. ^ Kennedy, p. 360-362.
  99. ^ Kennedy, p. 314.
  100. ^ Kennedy, p. 362-363.
  101. ^ Kennedy, p. 364-368.
  102. ^ Kennedy, p. 342-343.
  103. ^ Kennedy, p. 315.
  104. ^ Kennedy, p. 315-316.
  105. ^ Josephy, p. 377.
  106. ^ Kennedy, p. 316-318.
  107. ^ Josephy, p. 379.
  108. ^ Josephy, p. 379–380.
  109. ^ Kennedy, p. 368.
  110. ^ Kennedy, p. 368.
  111. ^ Sword, p. 54.
  112. ^ Sword, p. 54–56.
  113. ^ Kennedy, p. 369.
  114. ^ Kennedy, p. 319.
  115. ^ Kennedy, p. 369.
  116. ^ Kennedy, p. 382.
  117. ^ Kennedy, p. 323.
  118. ^ Kennedy, p. 382.
  119. ^ Kennedy, p. 383.
  120. ^ Kennedy, p. 383.
  121. ^ Kennedy, p. 383.
  122. ^ Kennedy, p. 384.
  123. ^ Josephy, p. 384.
  124. ^ Kennedy, p. 385.
  125. ^ Sword, pp. 64–65.
  126. ^ Kennedy, p. 372.
  127. ^ Kennedy, p. 371.
  128. ^ Kennedy, p. 386.
  129. ^ Kennedy, p. 389.
  130. ^ Kennedy, p. 387.
  131. ^ Kennedy, p. 399.
  132. ^ Kennedy, p. 392.
  133. ^ Kennedy, p. 399-400.
  134. ^ Kennedy, p. 398.
  135. ^ Kennedy, p. 395.
  136. ^ Sword, p. 269–270.
  137. ^ Sword, p. 283.
  138. ^ Sword, p. 298.
  139. ^ Kennedy, p. 400-401.
  140. ^ Kennedy, p. 396-397.
  141. ^ Kennedy, p. 388.
  142. ^ Kennedy, p. 388.
  143. ^ Sword, p. 416.
  144. ^ Kennedy, p. 401-402.
  145. ^ Sword, p. 417–418.
  146. ^ Sword, p. 419.

References